"The Federalist" (later known as The Federalist Papers) is a collection of 85 articles and essays written under the pseudonym Publius by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. Seventy-seven of the articles were published serially in "The Independent Journal" and "The New York Packet" between October 1787 and August 1788. A compilation of these and eight others, called "The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention, September 17, 1787," was published in two volumes in 1788 by J. and A. McLean.[1] The collection's original title was "The Federalist"; the title "The Federalist Papers" did not emerge until the 20th century.